{"id":59581,"date":"2021-12-05T09:58:11","date_gmt":"2021-12-05T06:58:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/albaboor.com\/ar\/?p=59581"},"modified":"2021-12-05T09:58:15","modified_gmt":"2021-12-05T06:58:15","slug":"%d8%ad%d9%83%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%88%d8%b5-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%aa%d8%b5%d8%a7%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a8","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/albaboor.com\/ar\/archives\/59581","title":{"rendered":"\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0628"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

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\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u064f\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0631\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0628\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0628\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 (\u0623\u0648 \u0623\u064a \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Backgrounder: Corruption in the PLO\u2019s Financial Empire\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0638\u0629 December 14, 2014, \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0634\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Luke Harding. “WikiLeaks cables condemn Russia as ‘mafia state'”. the Guardian. \u0645\u0624\u0631\u0634\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a 13 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 “Individuals \u2013 Kleptocracy Archive”. kleptocracyarchive.org. \u0645\u0624\u0631\u0634\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a 18 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2016. \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 22 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2016.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 “kleptocracy”, Dictionary.com Unabridged, n.d., \u0645\u0624\u0631\u0634\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a 12 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2020, \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e November 1, 2016<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 “Kleptocracy”. The Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 1st ed. 1909.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Daron Acemoglu; James A. Robinson; Thierry Verdier (April\u2013May 2004). “Kleptocracy and Divide-and-Rule: a Model of Personal Rule”. Journal of the European Economic Association. 2 (2\u20133): 162\u2013192. doi:10.1162\/154247604323067916. \u0645\u0624\u0631\u0634\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a 11 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2020. \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 15 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2017. Paper presented as the Marshall Lecture at the European Economic Association’s annual meetings in Stockholm, August 24, 2003<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Daron Acemoglu; James A. Robinson; Thierry Verdier (April\u2013May 2004). “Kleptocracy and Divide-and-Rule: a Model of Personal Rule”. Journal of the European Economic Association. 2 (2\u20133): 162\u2013192. doi:10.1162\/154247604323067916. \u0645\u0624\u0631\u0634\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a 10 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 2018. \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 15 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2017. Paper presented as the Marshall Lecture at the European Economic Association’s annual meetings in Stockholm, August 24, 2003<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Derrick Jensen; Aric McBay (2009). What We Leave Behind. Seven Stories Press. \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 374. ISBN 978-1583228678. via “Collapse of Rome”. The official Derrick Jensen site. \u0645\u0624\u0631\u0634\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a 1 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 2019. \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 15 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2017.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Cooley, Alexander; Sharman, J. C. (September 2017). “Transnational Corruption and the Globalized Individual”. Perspectives on Politics. 15 (3): 732\u2013753. doi:10.1017\/S1537592717000937. ISSN 1537-5927. \u0645\u0624\u0631\u0634\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a 11 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 “January 2018”. Journal of Democracy. \u0645\u0624\u0631\u0634\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a 26 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2018. \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 19 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Christopher Walker; Melissa Aten (January 15, 2018). “The Rise of Kleptocracy: A Challenge for Democracy”. Journal of Democracy. National Endowment for Democracy. 29 (1): 20\u201324. doi:10.1353\/jod.2018.0001. \u0645\u0624\u0631\u0634\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a 03 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2019. \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 19 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Alex Cooley; Jason Sharman (November 14, 2017). “Analysis | How today’s despots and kleptocrats hide their stolen wealth”. The Washington Post. \u0645\u0624\u0631\u0634\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a 28 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2019. \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 19 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 “The Money-Laundering Cycle”. United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime. \u0645\u0624\u0631\u0634\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a 3 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2019. \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 19 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Carl Gershman (June 30, 2016). “Unholy Alliance: Kleptocratic Authoritarians and their Western Enablers”. World Affairs. \u0645\u0624\u0631\u0634\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a 6 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 2018. \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 19 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Sweney, Mark (2017-09-05). “‘Reputation laundering’ is lucrative business for London PR firms”. The Guardian. \u0645\u0624\u0631\u0634\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a 19 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2019. \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 19 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 “The Rise of Kleptocracy: Laundering Cash, Whitewashing Reputations”. Journal of Democracy. \u0645\u0624\u0631\u0634\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a 26 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2018. \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 19 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Philip Bump (January 4, 2018). “Analysis | How money laundering works in real estate”. The Washington Post. \u0645\u0624\u0631\u0634\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a 12 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 2019. \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 19 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 “Towers of Secrecy: Piercing the Shell Companies”. \u0645\u0624\u0631\u0634\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a 12 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2019. \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 19 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2018. Collection of 9 articles from 2015 and 2016.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0643 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644\u064a (March 16, 2018). “The peculiarities of the US financial system make it ideal for money laundering”. Quartz. \u0645\u0624\u0631\u0634\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a 17 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2019. \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 19 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 “Undercover investigation of American lawyers reveals role of Overseas Territories in moving suspect money into the United States” (Press release). Global Witness. February 12, 2016. \u0645\u0624\u0631\u0634\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a 15 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2018. \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 19 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 “Countering International Money Laundering”. FACT Coalition. 2017-08-23. \u0645\u0624\u0631\u0634\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a 24 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 2018. \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 19 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 “United States’ measures to combat money laundering and terrorist financing”. fatf-gafi. December 2016. \u0645\u0624\u0631\u0634\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a 19 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2018. \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 19 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Andrew Rettman (October 27, 2017). “Cyprus defends reputation on Russia money laundering”. euobserver. \u0645\u0624\u0631\u0634\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a 12 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2019. \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 19 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 “Dutch banks accused of aiding Russian money laundering scheme”. NL Times. 2017-03-21. \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 19 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 George M. Guess (1984). Bureaucratic-authoritarianism and the Forest Sector in Latin America. Office for Public Sector Studies, Institute of Latin American Studies, University of Texas at Austin. \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 5. \u0645\u0624\u0631\u0634\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a 26 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 2020. \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 12 \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 “National Strategy Against High-Level Corruption: Coordinating International Efforts to Combat Kleptocracy”. United States Department of State Bureau Public Affairs. \u0645\u0624\u0631\u0634\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a 17 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2017. \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e August 8, 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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