{"id":77232,"date":"2024-06-17T12:17:15","date_gmt":"2024-06-17T09:17:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/albaboor.com\/ar\/?p=77232"},"modified":"2024-06-19T00:37:46","modified_gmt":"2024-06-18T21:37:46","slug":"%d9%85%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%ae%d8%b7%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d9%85%d8%a6%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%ae%d9%8a%d8%a9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/albaboor.com\/ar\/archives\/77232","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631.. \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631: \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 – \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u062c\u0648\u0632\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0644<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a 1 \u0627\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 1920\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0636\u0645\u0651 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u064a\u0634\u0647\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0647\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0628\u064e\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0647 \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0641\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646\u061f \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0632\u0627\u0645\u064e\u0646\u062a\u0647\u061f \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

\u0647\u0644 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0645\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0648\u0647\u061f \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0651\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0651\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0628\u0651\u062b\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062f\u062a\u060c \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u064f\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u064e\u0644\u064e\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0645\u0651\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0633\u0650\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/a><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0644 \u0643\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646 – \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062c\u0623<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0633\u060c \u0643\u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0647\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062c\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0646\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u062a \u0631\u063a\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0634\u063a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0637\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0626\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u062a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0627\u0642\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0651\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651\u063a\u062a \u0623\u062c\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u0641\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0628\u0651\u062b\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0651\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0623\u0632\u0642 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u064a\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u063a\u062f\u063a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0645… \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u00ab\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062f\u0645\u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0630\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 1789\u060c \u0648\u0639\u064e\u0632\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0635\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u0651\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062f\u0639\u064a\u062a \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636\u00bb \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0623\u0636\u0639\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064e\u0645\u0627 \u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0633\u0642\u0637\u062a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0627\u0645 1918. \u0648\u0628\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062d\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064e\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0628\u0644 1920 \u0645\u0631\u0651\u062a \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062d\u0627\u0637\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643\u061f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0647\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632\u062a \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0639\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u064a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647: \u00ab\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0624\u0643\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0647\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0643<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0639\u0632\u0648 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0647\u064a (1603-1704) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0639\u0631\u0639 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0648\u062d\u062f\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641\u0647 \u00ab\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0629\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0651\u062e \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0631\u0624\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0636\u062f \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0637\u0642\u0629\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646: \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064a (1761-1835) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0648\u064e\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0637\u0646\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0642 (1794-1861) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0628\u064e\u062f\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0643\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0631\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064f\u0633\u0631 \u062a\u063a\u0644\u0628\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646. (\u0635 69\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a (1572-1635) \u062f\u063a\u062f\u063a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0641\u062f \u0648\u0639\u0633\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0641\u0643\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647. \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u064f\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0642\u0637 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 (1840-1860) \u062b\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 (1860-1914)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0630\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062f\u0643\u0651\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 (1798-1799)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628\u062a \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u00bb\u060c \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0651\u062a \u0628\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0630\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0639\u0647\u062f \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0651\u062a \u0628\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u061f \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0628\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0630\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a<\/strong> \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0651 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0651\u0642 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u062e\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0646\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0632\u062c\u064a (1800-1871) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0651\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0630 \u0643\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0651\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b 1736\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u00ab\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0627\u00bb \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0636\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0646\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0642\u0648\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0643\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0633 \u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627. \u0648\u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0626\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0643\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0633 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0641\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1736\u060c \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0651 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0627\u062b\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u062c\u064e\u062f \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u060c \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0623\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u0645\u062e\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0642\u0629 (1800-1888) \u0630\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0646\u064e\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0632\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0622\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0622\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1860 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644<\/strong>\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062d\u0638\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0642 (1804-1887) \u0634\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0637\u0646\u0648\u0633 (\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0651 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0644\u0651\u0641 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646)\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628\u00bb \u0639\u0627\u0645 1860 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0649 1883.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0633 (1819-1883)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/strong> \u0625\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645. \u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1863\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626\u0647 \u0648\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0649 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0651\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0635\u062d\u0641\u060c \u0647\u064a: \u00ab\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0646\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0629\u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u00ab\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0639\u0627\u0645 1860 \u0641\u064a 11 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0625\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u00bb \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639 \u00ab\u0645\u064f\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u00bb\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u00ab\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u00bb. \u0648\u0644\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0646 \u00ab\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u00bb<\/strong>. (\u0635 110\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a)\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0642\u062f \u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0632\u062c\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 (1856-1925) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0630\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a (1898-1969) \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u00bb (1923-1930) \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0651\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 (1854-1930) \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0639 (1888-1954) \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u00ab\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0645\u00bb \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u00ab\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u00bb… \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0647\u0636\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u062a \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u063a\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

\u0628\u0637\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0630 \u0646\u064e\u062d\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621\u064b \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u063a\u062f\u0639 \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0630 \u0646\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0642\u0633\u0637\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064a\u0633\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0641\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0623\u0630\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0648 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0642\u0647\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0632\u062c\u064a \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0630 \u0646\u064e\u062d\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621\u064b \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b.<\/strong> \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0626 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0631\u064a (1836-1907) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0632\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u00ab\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0633 (1862-1937) \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u00ab\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642\u00bb. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u00ab\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 1875\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0634\u064a\u0651\u062f \u0643\u0627\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0631\u062c\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0647 \u0646\u062c\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0632\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0647 \u0646\u062c\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0632\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0625\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064e\u062a\u0648\u0651\u062c\u062a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0632\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u00ab\u064a\u0642\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 1905.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0632\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u00ab\u064a\u0642\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 1905<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0633\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0646\u062e\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0643\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0633\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0646\u062e\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0643\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0634\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0641\u0644\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0643\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0647 \u062a\u062c\u0633\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0634\u064e\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0628 \u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0632\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064e \u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1949\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1954. \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064e\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0651\u0628\u062a \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0631\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0636\u064a\u0651\u0642 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a.<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0640 \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0648\u0636 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0640 \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0648\u0636 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c<\/strong> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0644. \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0627\u0637\u062a \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0631\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0647 \u0648\u0625\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0636\u064e\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u061f \u0647\u0644 \u0623\u064f\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

\u0628\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1975\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u0628\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1975\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646<\/strong>. \u0648\u0623\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0628\u0634 \u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0628\u062b\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0646\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u061f <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u062a 14 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2019 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u062c\u0648\u0632\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a 1 \u0627\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 1920\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0636\u0645\u0651 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u064a\u0634\u0647\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0647\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0628\u064e\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0647 \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0641\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646\u061f \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0632\u0627\u0645\u064e\u0646\u062a\u0647\u061f \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u061f \u0647\u0644 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":77235,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19,100,8,18],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-77232","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-19","category-100","category-8","category-18"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/albaboor.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/77232","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/albaboor.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/albaboor.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/albaboor.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/albaboor.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=77232"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/albaboor.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/77232\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":77245,"href":"https:\/\/albaboor.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/77232\/revisions\/77245"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/albaboor.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/77235"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/albaboor.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=77232"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/albaboor.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=77232"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/albaboor.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=77232"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}